Unit 73: Sounds For Computer Games

Uncompressed format:

CD, WAV, AIFF audio are more or less perfect representations of audio that was recorded, if you want convert one uncompressed format to another it will be a completely perfect copy of the audio. Say if you rip of the audio from a CD and put it into a WAV format on your PC then burn another CD using the WAV that you created, those two CDs will be literally identical, even though you copied them multiple times.

The only bad problem with uncompressed formats are that they are unreasonably big, say all your audio from your 4 gigabyte IPod Nano you would only be able to store around 4 to 5 albums on it that’s how big they can be.

Compressed format:

this type of format is for those who wish to cut corners and try to keep the file as small as possible to keep the file from being corrupted, the most used and most famous is MP3, there are also many others that include WMA and AAC. A program encoding audio into the MP3 audio for an example, it will get rid of some high frequencies, the frequencies are usually too high for the human hearing anyway, it may also perform a lot more complicated calculations, but that is one of the simplest examples there is, the advantage to this type of format is that they hardly take up any of the space on your PC or phone as a Uncompressed format.

How can resolution and bit-depth constrain file size?

In digital audio you can use pulse-code modulation or PCM, Bit-depth is the number of bits of information there is in each sample, and this is directly corresponded to the resolution of each of your samples, the examples of bit-depth include compact disc digital audio, which uses 16 bits of information per sample, and DVD-audio plus the blue-ray disc which can support up to 24 bits of information per sample.

In the form of basic implementations, variations in bit-depth mainly affect the noise level from quantization errors, thus the signal-to-noise ratio or SNR and dynamic range. However techniques such as dithering, noise shaping and oversampling mitigate these effects without changing any of the bit-depth, but the bit-depth affects the bit-rate and the file size as well.

Bit-depth is only good when referencing a PCM digital signal, anything other than a PCM format such as a lossy compression format don’t have any associated bit-depth, for example in the MP3 player quantization is performed on PCM samples that have most likely been transformed into the frequency domain.

What do the following words me?

Sample rate: the meaning of sample rate is the number of samples of audio carried per second and measured in Hz or KHz, for example 44,100 samples per second can be expressed as either 44,100 HZ or as 44.1 KHz.

Mono: the term mono means that you only use one channel for listening to sound because only one channel is open to that sound but it can be sent through many other speakers but the speakers are playing the same signal as the original  

Stereo: stereo means that the sound can be directed through two or more speakers so that is seems to surround the listener and it can also come from more than one source.

Surround: surround means that the sound will be coming from 360 degrees so that the sound is all around you, surround sound systems use up to three or more speakers and channels and place them in front and behind to create a surrounding environment of sound, surround sound can also be analog or digital system. 

Exercise 2

How Can The Following Information Limit The Recording Of Sound?

DSP-Digital Signal Processor: a digital signal processor is used to filter and/or compress analogue sound as it measures it. As the analogue signals are converted into digital the sound files often become compressed in this process before they are converted back to analogue. it is this compression that causes the limit in quality of sound.

RAM-Random Access Memory: RAM is a way of saying something's memory or storage. The more storage available the larger the file size that is usable, leading to greater quality. But if one did not have a decent amount of RAM it limits the size of the file usable meaning that compressed file types may need to be used leading to a lack of audio quality.

File Format: depending on your file format, it can hold so much information. This information is what leads to the general quality of the sound. With file types that compress the information, such as MP3 files, the quality is far inferior to those which don't compress the information.

Audio Output: depending on your audio output, it can be used to give the feeling of sound coming from certain places that when synced up with the audio being played can give a far deeper sense of immersion. Mono is the term used when sound only comes out one way from a source, stereo is used by two sources (left and right) and is used to make a person believe that the sound is coming from one direction or another, surround sound is used by placing many sources around the listener and playing certain sounds from the individual sources giving a far greater effect than that which stereo attempts to accomplish

Audio recording system.

In what types of scenario may you use the following audio recording equipment?

multi-track recording - you would use multi-track recording for when you are use 4 or more music tracks at the same time and want to make the music sound better so you would have 4 or more different parts 1 being guitar 2 being drummer 3 being singer 4 being bass and you want to make them all fit together and make it sound a lot better.

Analogue - you would use analogue when you are using your voice to record you maybe singing or maybe you're just talking to someone either way your using analogue there to begin with you would be singing into a microphone so that it could go onto a computer.

Software sequencer - you would use a sound sequencer if your on your computer because it is a computer software and it lets you create sounds using your keyboard from different musical instruments so that you can create music from home without using a instrument.

DAT - the only time you will be using a .DAT file is when your are saving it into Data on your computer or on your hard drive so that it will be turned into data and that it will be easier to use and see. 

Story telling in Games.

Task One: Games With Stories

1. halo 3, 3 ODST, Reach
2. Fallout 3, 4
3. Dark souls
4. Bioshock
5. Assassin's creed
6. Metal Gear Solid
7. Mass Effect
8. Portal
9. The Walking Dead
10. Silent Hill

Which have good stories?
Halo, Mass Effect, Metal Gear Solid, Silent Hill, Portal, The Walking Dead, Dark Souls, Bioshock all have amazing story lines to offer for you, most of them are RPG but some are single player horror, others you have to choose critical choices that might have some back or good effects on your single player experience.

Task Two: Games Without Stories

1. The Escapist
2. Half-life 2
3. Tetris
4. Monster Hunter Freedom 2
5. MineCraft

Is There Such A Thing?
Yes there is such a thing as a game without a story-line, a game without a story-line is more or less a game to make time fly past without knowing so its just pure multiplayer so you can playing with your friends or without them.

Who Plays Non-Story Games?
Who plays non-story games? people who really aren't interested in the story side of the game and just want to play the actual game like the multiplayer side of the game or they just play a game with a campaign but it doesn't actually have a story too it which a few games might have.

Task Three: Whats The Difference Between a Story From a Game And a Story From a Book?

Unit 73: Sounds for Computer Games

The Effects Of Music In Games

1. Dark Souls "Artorias boss fight theme"- this music has a highly ominous and threatening tone that immediately makes the player to just how tough the fight will be, it serves to intimidate the player and add atmosphere to an already brutal boss fight. But the song also has more sombre undertones to allude to the sad backstory of the boss your facing making the player also feel sorry for the boss as they slay it. This sense of sadness amidst fear of something greater than you also reflects the backstory of the boss and seems to have been done on part of the developer in an attempt to make the player feel akin to the character of Artorias as his fate of losing his mind and attacking all those he comes across parallels the fate that you have often been told you are doomed to face as an undead. I believe that the developers were successful in this as you have gained some small titbits of information on his back story and this works as a climax to bring all the pieces together. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CbTI_Bzy29I).

2. Bioshock Infinite "Welcome to Colombia"- The music starts off with unsettling strings getting faster at a rapid rate which places a sense of fear into the player, reflecting what the protagonist, Booker DeWitt is feeling at the time. At the climax of the strings there is a slight pause before a calming piano piece begins, making the player feel safe and relaxed as they gaze over the new environment of the seeming utopia of Colombia. But towards the end of the song it seems somewhat sinister which makes the player keep their guard up and begin to question this supposed paradise. This is an effective piece that the developers have put in as it is deeply immersive and immediately makes the player feel what the developers had in mind for Booker. 
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8Y6_qq05Bg)

3. Silent Hill 2 "Promise Reprise"- Immediately this piece builds tension and suspense right from the beginning with its sinister and unnerving piano music. It swiftly makes the player begin to fear the unknown as they wander around the town of Silent Hill. this piece is clearly designed by the developers to make the player feel paranoia and question what’s around every corner and build up the atmosphere of isolation in a twisted and nightmarish town and does so to great effect, building tension that only heightens he player's fear and curiosity. 
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8N_PXTGdlGw)

4. Metal Gear Solid 3 "Main Theme"- This song starts out quieter and uses sound effects that puts the listener in mind of a jungle, quickly giving the player a more immersive feeling for the game's setting of a jungle environment, Soon it's pace quickens and begins to play the epic orchestral section which places a sense of grand action and adventure in the player which reflects some of the more of the high action sequences the game holds. Part way through however the music it begins to slow and become less high intensity but raises the feeling of tension, in turn this reflects the main portion of gameplay as it puts the player more in mind of the stealth action that the series is famous for. It suddenly quickens its pace back to that of the intensity of the main part of the theme which seems to symbolise the way that the gameplay can shift in an instance from high tension stealth to quick passed action in an instant. After the music calms down again it becomes far more mellow and sad, alluding to the story and its more emotional moments. The music was composed by Harry Gregson Williams and serves as almost an auditory shorthand for what the game entails and how certain parts will make the player feel which I believe it does well. 
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNVCD1dsnJI)

5. Mega Man 2 “intro theme” – the opening screen of Mega Man 2 starts off at the base of a skyscraper with a soft and more relaxed opening piece of music to accompany it as text appears to give new players a basic idea on the backstory of the first game, after the text has finished the screen begins to pan upwards towards the top of the skyscraper and as it does so he music accompanying it also begins to increase in pace which helps to gradually build up the players excitement. As the screen reaches the top of the skyscraper the music suddenly increase to a very fast pace which swiftly gets the player even more excited for what they’re about to play, this use of music accompanying the game is a quick and effective way to get your player hyped up for it and more invested at the earliest possible stage which is what I believe the developer intended. I believe that the piece is highly effective at this purpose and has gone down as one of the most famous songs in gaming history.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZT9DST_M_g8)

why is music and sound fx so important within games development?

Sound effects have an incredible influence on the overall game experience. While a game may be able to get by without music or dialogue, one without sound effects will be very disappointing. It’s inconceivable to think of players firing “silent” weapons or seeing soundless conflagrations erupt in their paths. Early games may have been rudimentary, but their designers always understood that sound effects are more than just entertainment. The complexity of today’s game sound has led to an entirely distinct job description and career path—involving the creation of nearly everything the player will hear.

Purpose of Game Sound Effects

Sound effects exist specifically to give feedback to players, immerse them inside the virtual realm, and provide an entertaining experience—all of which are key ingredients to a successful video game. Since a game is nothing more than lines of code and pixels of collared light, the sense of sound is what adds warmth and familiarity to what is happening on the screen. Although many current games employ 3D and even hyper realistic images, the player is still only looking at pixels; the only “real” sense fully experienced by the player is sound. Granted, players aren’t hearing a “real” bird chirp or weapon fire—but the sound they do hear is an actual recording of the real object or a close reproduction of it. Whether it is a “real” sound or not, the impact is the same and the sound plays its specific role.

http://designingsound.org/2010/10/aaron-marks-special-function-of-game-sound-effects/

What is waveform?

Amplitude: As waves travel, they set up patterns of disturbance. The amplitude of a wave is its maximum disturbance from its undisturbed position. Take care, the amplitude is not the distance between the top and bottom of a wave.

Frequency: The frequency of a wave is the number of waves produced by a source each second. It is also the number of waves that pass a certain point each second. The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz). It is common for kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz) to be used when waves have very high frequencies. For example, most people cannot hear a high-pitched sound above 20 kHz, radio stations broadcast radio waves with frequencies of about 100MHz, while most wireless computer networks operate at 2.4GHz.

Wavelength: The wavelength of a wave is the distance between a point on one wave and the same point on the next wave. It is often easiest to measure this from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave, but it doesn't matter where as long as it is the same point in each wave.

Pitch: the quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone.

Hertz: Named after Heinrich Hertz and abbreviated as Hz or illustrated as the f symbol, hertz equals one (0.00000000125) cycle per second, measuring the waves or frequencies of electric changes each second. Hertz is commonly used to measure a computer monitor's refresh rate and in computer processors. In the picture below of a wave, one oscillation is a representation of a cycle or hertz.

Decibel level: The decibel (dB) is used to measure sound level, but it is also widely used in electronics, signals and communication. The dB is a logarithmic way of describing a ratio. The ratio may be power, sound pressure, voltage or intensity or several other things.

Sound Generation: Sound waves are generated by any vibrating body. For example, when a violin string vibrates upon being bowed or plucked, its movement in one direction pushes the molecules of the air before it, crowding them together in its path. When it moves back again past its original position and on to the other side, it leaves behind it a nearly empty space, i.e., a space with relatively few molecules in it.

Jack Foley: In 33 years jack Foley the sound-effects pioneer worked on stage 10 at universal studios, all the time he never received an on-screen credit for his own inventive and that cost his cost-saving contributions dearly, but the art he created by himself in the early days of sound technology they decided to name it after him and it is always featured in every film at all the cinemas.

Every sound we hear at the cinemas that isn’t music or dialog is always a sound effect, from the footsteps to being punched or kicked, from the clothes rustling in the wind, the sound we hear was either created by Foley himself or was placed there by a sound editor, they most likely went out and took it from a vast selection from a wide range of sound effects or they went out to record it themselves, they might have combined it with some others sounds and or altered the pitch.

Nearly all the sounds pictures have dialog and some sort of music but they are missing the noise of the movement and the sounds all around them,  soon some other the sound editors started using Foleys idea in their own movies and started to create footsteps for the actors but they would constantly use the same track over and over again, Foley then came up with the idea of projecting the moving image in a sound stage and syncing the sounds with the actors movement they started to use different surfaces and many different props they could find, it was then said that Foley could make it sound like there were three men walking by only using two feet and a cane.

WHAT IS TIMBRE?

Sounds may be generally characterized by pitch, loudness, and quality. Sound "quality" or "timbre" describes those characteristics of sound which allow the ear to distinguish sounds which have the same pitch and loudness. Timbre is then a general term for the distinguishable characteristics of a tone. Timbre is mainly determined by the harmonic content of a sound and the dynamic characteristics of the sound such as vibrato and the attack-decay envelope of the sound.

Some investigators report that it takes a duration of about 60 Ms to recognize the timbre of a tone, and that any tone shorter than about 4 Ms is perceived as an atonal click. It is suggested that it takes about a 4 dB change in mid or high harmonics to be perceived as a change in timbre, whereas about 10 dB of change in one of the lower harmonics is required.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/timbre.html

Legal considerations of using sound in games

The legal considerations of using sound in your project can be massive and when not done correctly can have massive implications and consequences. Things like copyright are one of the biggest things to take in to consideration when creating a game. Copyright is a system in which the creator of something has control over it and it can’t be used by just anyone to profit off of it. Things such as songs that are used in games often have lengthy legal processes before they are usable in the game, this is often where the creator and the people who wish to use it reach an agreement in which the creator will receive something in return for the use of their work, which most often takes the form of a fee demanded up front for its usage, royalties entitling the creator to a share of the proceeds the project generates, or a mix of the two. These agreements are a highly important part of the legal process. Another use is from royalty free sources, these are free for the public to use as they see fit. Sources of things like this include sites like freesound.org and often work based on the agreement that the creator will credited as is appropriate in the hopes of getting them publicity and recognition. Another way is to create the sounds yourself as you will not need any agreements or anything and will be able to be more independent and less likely to face any legal implications from doing so.

How to play ShapeMan

this is a basic design layout of my game, the design is basic enough to understand you can follow the design very easy you can see where all the sprites and you can see where the shapes you can change into are as well,

i got Kurt to play the game. he said that he thought the sprites in particular circle was good. However the lack of animation the shapes when transform into them made it feel like you were moving slower than the enemies even though that isn't the case. In addition to this the sounds were fun, especially the background music which made him feel like it was taken directly from his own work (which it wasn't). He also said that the sounds lacked variety since it only had death and backgrounds sounds. he suggested that i add more to make the feel even more lively. Kurt found the game easy but he found it enjoyable because of it's simplicity, Kurt adds that i should of added a score system with a pill or orb to pick up which gives you points.

3 things i am definitely going to improve on.

i am going to concentrate more on my game so that i can create an even better game that i can be happy with.

i am going to improve the amount of sound quality i have in my game.

i am going to i'm prove the quality and and look of all my sprites, objects and walls.

HOW TO PLAY.

Up - up arrow key

Down - down arrow key

Left - left arrow key

Right - right arrow key

my game is very easy to play, in my game you have to change too different shapes to defeat the other shapes you start off as a triangle so you can kill all the triangles at first then you can go around changing into all the other different shapes so that you may take out all the other shapes, there is no time limit and there is also no score all you have to do is take out all the sprites without dying you will be moved onto the next level and from that level on wards the sprites with start to get harder and move of them will appear. 

unit 78 Digital graphics for computer games

How will you be creating your digital graphics?

• Consider technical limitations and the screen resolution
• Consider software (Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Fireworks, GameMaker) – also the interface too (work area, tool box, status bar, file information, window control, floating palettes, palette docking, tabs etc…)
• File extensions and compression for the files
• Consider technology (Computers, laptops, peripherals etc…)
• Graphic specification
•  The plan
• Time management – deadlines (production schedule, deliverables and quality assurance)
• Asset management – export file path, file format, compression, file naming conventions and file backup 
• Workflow – optimising, bit depth, resolution
• Menu – open, save, new, import, export, edit
• Image settings – size, resolutions, width, height, colour mode, transparency, aspect ratio, file name
• Drawing tools – the tools I have used to create my sprites are(tool options, brush, pencil, duplicate, clone, fill, text, line, shape, zoom, guides and rulers, grid, palettes eg, colour, gradients, layers, object, brushes, history, actions, size, layers, eg copying, saving, arranging; flattening; colour selection, eg foreground, background, colour swatch and eye dropper. 
• Editing tools: lasso, copy, paste,magic wand, scale, rotate, erase, fill
• Advanced tools: brightness, contrast, transparency, brushes
• In-Game Graphics: heads up display, gif, animation, image textures, concept art, Weapons, character, vehicles, environment backgrounds
• Print media graphics: game packaging, box cover, manual. label, poster, concept artwork
• Production stages: original development files, final flattened, optimised image
• Aesthetic qualities: composition, colour palettes, typography, creation of meaning
• Industry practice: reflect on finished product (compared with original intentions, fitness for purpose, technical qualities, aesthetic qualities), productions skills (ideas generation, graphics specifications, workflow and time management, technical competence),

My brief

Some title for work

Name : Thomas berry

Date :09/11/2015

Concept ideas

Wayne's brief

Waynes brief is to create a game that has 5 levels, One main character and some form of obstacles.

My brief
my game is is called tiddles and the main object of the game is to reach the 5th level of the game without dying. and to collect secrets and to defeat evil robot versions of yourself and finally get to the Master control system that keeps creating more versions of yourself. the only way you can defeat him is by collecting secret items that has a use in taking down his health. but they are not easy to find some will be in plain sight but others will be super hard to find and others you'll have to solve puzzles and riddles to find the rest.

Finance Cost

The Finance Cost.

Funding:

Funding is extremely important as it is how you pay for everything. You can be funded in a variety of ways. These include self-financing, crowd funding like kick-starter, indie funding, grants or publisher funding like Bethesda, activation, cap-com, bungie, valve, blizzard entertainment, farrthorn, EA, EA sports, ubisoft, obsidian, YOYO Games, Big fist.

Hardware:

Minimum hardware for UDK is 2.0+ GHZ processer with an 2GB system ram SMS 3-compatable video card also must have 3GB free space.

The recommended specs for content developers is windows 7 64bit 2.0+ GHZ multicore processer 8GB system ram NVidia 8000 graphics or higher graphics card you also need plenty of HDD space.

You can get an Intel E2180 2.0GHz for only £35.00

You can get a an Intel E8400 care 2 Duo processor 3 GHz 6MB cache socket LGA775 for on £47.49

The NVidia graphics graphics card will cost you up too £136.76

Software:

UDK is free but if a successful game is made in it, royalty fees must be paid

Unity can cost anywhere from $75 per month to a one off payment of $1500

Maya 2016 commercial new SLM annual desktop description with basic support £1,105.00

Maya 2016 commercial new SLM quarterly desktop subscription with basic support £350.00

Maya 2016 commercial new SLM £2,225.00

Maya commercial maintenance subscription (3 years) £1,345.00

Maya commercial maintenance subscription (2 years) £945.00

Maya commercial maintenance subscription (1 year) £475.00

Publishing:

For green light you’ll need a valid and a non-valid steam account (yes that means you’ll need to own a game on steam). Then you’ll need to fill out the submission form, including some information about you and your game that you want to publish. There is also a one-time £100 submission fee per steam account. The submission will require:

A square branding image (similar to a box cover) to represent your game in the list and search bar.

At least 1 video showing game-play, environment, graphics and enemies.

 At least 4 screenshots or images of in game content.

And finally a written description of the game along with then tentative system requirements.

Also to do this you’ll need to follow these simple steps to publish your game:

·       You’ll need to register (submit your application and receive regular news and updates from ID@Xbox.)

·       You’ll then need to submit (ready to begin? Reach out and we’ll sign and NDA and discuss your game, whether you’d like to ship it as a universal windows app, an Xbox one game, or maybe both.)

·       You can then build your own games (Get access to the right SDKs, our dev forums, free middle ware, and tons of helpful documentations. Need a dev kit? Approved Xbox one developers will get two kits free of charge.)

·       And then finally you can publish your game (publish, certify, and update your own game without cost and get access to our go-to-market playbook.)

Time scale:

The timescale depends on a variety of things such as deadlines, equipment availability, how many people that are making it, the time it takes to go through the legal requirements such as a PEGI rating, also delays in publishing.

At the beginning of a project you set a time frame, and while this is not for definite you should try to stick to it as much as possible.

You should set deadlines for each task or segment required to make it, such as the animating should be completed in a set amount of time and then the voice acting and so on.

When deciding start and finish times it is important to take into account working hours, sick days, holidays and other things that may delay the project and then set the timescale according to that.

Personal:

Team: In your team you must always know the size of your team and you must set yourself a maximum number of people and you must always give every person separate jobs so you can always get the work done quicker.

Skills and Experiences: In your team you must always know about everyone’s skills and experience it is key to put the person in the right job to get the most out of your party’s efficacy, it is also key to get along with the members of the party so that they might get the job don’t faster and with greater detail and more insight.

Resourcing: you also have to have resources to get somewhere in life but you can never have too many, but the bad thing is you run out of resources too quickly and you’ll need to think about getting more and more each time and having to worry about costs but if you think ahead and keep track of what your using and keeps taps on how much you’ll need in the future you’ll be up to date with what you need and be ahead on what’s happening.

Availability: people aren’t always free to give you a helping hand so you have to make some sort of time keeping manual to see when everyone is free so that you can see who is free or not and so that you can always have someone to help you out when everyone else is busy so it is always best to keep a time scale of when everyone is free with you at all time so that it is easy to see who can give you a hand in your time of need.

Costs: in all the work that we do there is always a cost to be delt with it could be any type of cost up the most type of cost that always pops up is funding, funding your own stuff is hard and its mostly because you need money to get anywhere nowadays you need more for people to work, resources, equipment, working facility’s, uniforms and safety gear and much more, you always need money to keep things going, but if things don’t go well you’ll lose your money and everything will stop work and you’ll lose everything but if things work out you’ll start to get even more money and you’ll be able to get better things and more people to work for you which is good the more people you have working for you the better the things you’re making will be made even quicker.

Team or crew CV’S: if you want the best out of your party you’re going to have to check everyone’s CV which is easy enough right? Wrong! It’s not as easy as you think you’ll be looking through roughly 80 per day so you have to keep an eye out for the ones the best suit the job description and the person with the best ability to keep his job and keep up with the job so you’ll have to look and read every bit so that you can understand how much of it is good for him then you’ll need to bring him in for an interview so that you can see if he can do what he said on his CV.

Facilities and equipment:

Production equipment, Post-production equipment, facility houses: you will need production equipment to start making a game but what type of equipment will you need? You’ll need a microphone for voice recordings, a computer for making the game, or Maya or game-maker depends if you’re making a 2D or 3D game, a fast and reliable game engine, a large memory card and or USB, you will also need somewhere to work on your game suck as your room or at work or maybe even with friends but you will always need somewhere to work.

Costs: the cost of all of this depends on how the quality of the equipment that you’ve bought, it could be cheap or it could be expensive it all depends, expensive equipment could also be really bad but it could also be useful, that’s exactly the same as the cheap equipment some is good and some is bad it all depends on what you buy, some could be highly rated but bad in the comments but it could also be the other way around badly rated but highly liked in the comments.

Availability: before you make the game you have to make sure that everyone is free before you can do anything, you have to make sure everyone has a specific time to be clear to everyone.